Nicole Toedtli is a PhD candidate at the Strassler Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies at Clark University. She holds a BA in International Relations from the University of Geneva and an MA in Holocaust and Genocide Studies from the University of Amsterdam and the NIOD. Prior to her doctoral studies, she worked at the Mittelbau-Dora Concentration Camp Memorial and the Arolsen Archives. For her dissertation, she studies actors who cannot be categorized clearly as either victims, perpetrators, bystanders, or rescuers, but fall into the gray zone between these categories. Her research examines the concept of the victim-perpetrator in a comparative meta-study in the context of the Holocaust, the Rwandan genocide and the civil war in Sierra Leone.